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Introducción: El índice de vulnerabilidad CAPE es un índice global de política exterior que identifica a los países a los que se dará prioridad para recibir ayuda exterior. Ofrece un enfoque evidenciado, estructurado y razonado para utilizar la ayuda en acuerdos bilaterales con la salud mental como base. La presente versión está diseñada específicamente para la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), que comprende 33 países. Objetivos: Identificar los países a ser priorizados para la ayuda externa, a través de la versión ALC del Índice de Vulnerabilidad CAPE (CAPE VI-LAC). Materiales y métodos: Al igual que con la versión global del Índice de Vulnerabilidad CAPE, consideramos varios índices o medidas a nivel de país que indican el estado de salud o que puede influir en la salud. Para el análisis, calificamos a los 20 peores países. Utilizamos 26 indicadores validados y disponibles internacionalmente para explorar y realizar el análisis. Resultados: Las cifras y el mapa muestran los 32 países que figuraron entre los 20 peores en al menos un indicador y también los 12 peores dentro de la CAPE VI-LAC en su conjunto. De los 33 países de ALC, sólo San Cristóbal y Nieves no figuraba en ninguno de los 20 países peores en ningún momento. Conclusión: Lo que podemos concluir con un alto grado de certeza es que los 12 países con peores puntuaciones son posiblemente estados frágiles; países donde los gobiernos no tienen el control o la autoridad completos, a menudo son represivos y corruptos, participan en graves abusos de los derechos humanos y se caracterizan por la inestabilidad política de diversas formas, la desventaja por los cambios climáticos extremos, la pobreza extrema, la desigualdad social y étnica divisiones, incapaces de proporcionar servicios básicos y sufren focos de insurgencia en forma de terrorismo, que a menudo son violentos y brutales. Los gobiernos, los donantes de ayuda, las organizaciones regionales y los profesionales y las asociaciones de salud mental deben trabajar juntos para abordar estas situaciones.
Introduction: The CAPE Vulnerability Index is a global foreign policy index that identifies the countries to be prioritise for foreign aid. It offers an evidenced, structured and reasoned approach to using aid in bi-lateral agreements with mental health as a foundation. The present version is specifically design for Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, which comprises of 33 countries. Objectives: To identify the countries to be prioritized for foreign aid, through the LAC version of the CAPE Vulnerability Index (CAPE VI-LAC). Materials and methods: Like with the CAPE Vulnerability Index global version we consider various indices or measures at country level that indicate health status or what may influence health. For the analysis we score the worst 20 countries. We used 26 internationally available and validated indicators to explore and perform the analysis. Results: The figures and map show the 32 countries that featured in the worst 20 in at least one indicator and also the worst 12 within the CAPE VI-LAC as a whole. Of the 33 LAC countries only St Kitts and Nevis did not feature in any of the worst 20 countries at any time. Conclusion: What we can conclude with a great degree of certainty that the worst 12 scoring countries are possibly fragile states; countries where the Governments do not have complete control or authority, are often repressive and corrupt, participate in serious human rights abuses and are characterised by political instability of various forms, disadvantage by the extremes of climate changes, extreme poverty, inequality, social and ethnic divisions, unable to provide basic services and suffer from pockets of insurgency in the form of terrorism, which are often violent and brutal. Governments, aid donors, regional organizations, and mental health professionals and associations should work together in order to address these situations.
Subject(s)
Mental Health , Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous , Socioeconomic Factors , Mental Health AssociationsABSTRACT
To evaluate the effect of foreign-aid training programs on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Xiyuan Hospital, analyze the factors affecting the training effect, and provide suggestions for further program implementation. To establish a mathematical model for analyzing the influencing factors of short-term foreign-aid training on TCM. A survey was conducted on the students who took the TCM foreign-aid training program undertaken by Xiyuan Hospital in 2018, and results on three levels of reaction, learning and behavior were evaluated in the training. The overall satisfaction towards to the training program reached 83.9%. The average score of the learning level increased by 19.5%, t=7.754, P<0.001. In terms of behavioral level, the score increased. The occupation and education background of the students are not statistically significant, P>0.05; the pre-training preparation of the students had no significant effect on the training effect, P>0.05; the lecturers quality and program management was significantly correlated with training results on reaction and behavior level, P<0.05; the lectures qulity was significantly positively correlated with the learning level, P<0.05. The degree of satisfaction towards the Foreign-aid training on Traditional Chinese Medicine was relatively high. The programs effectively improved students’ knowledge of Chinese medicine. In order to ensure the training results, the enrollment process should be improved, the quality of the courses should be strictly controlled, and the training of project management personnel should be strengthened.
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To evaluate the effect of foreign-aid training programs on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Xiyuan Hospital, analyze the factors affecting the training effect, and provide suggestions for further program implementation. To establish a mathematical model for analyzing the influencing factors of short-term foreign-aid training on TCM. A survey was conducted on the students who took the TCM foreign-aid training program undertaken by Xiyuan Hospital in 2018, and results on three levels of reaction, learning and behavior were evaluated in the training. The overall satisfaction towards to the training program reached 83.9%. The average score of the learning level increased by 19.5%, t=7.754, P<0.001. In terms of behavioral level, the score increased. The occupation and education background of the students are not statistically significant, P>0.05; the pre-training preparation of the students had no significant effect on the training effect, P>0.05; the lecturers quality and program management was significantly correlated with training results on reaction and behavior level, P<0.05; the lectures qulity was significantly positively correlated with the learning level, P<0.05. The degree of satisfaction towards the Foreign-aid training on Traditional Chinese Medicine was relatively high. The programs effectively improved students’ knowledge of Chinese medicine. In order to ensure the training results, the enrollment process should be improved, the quality of the courses should be strictly controlled, and the training of project management personnel should be strengthened.
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Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has constantly innovated and developed its diplomatic concept, and proposed the important idea of the Community of Shared Future for Mankind (CSFM), which contributes a discourse system with Chinese characteristics to the world. It is indicated that discourse builds its subject and governs the subject’s discourse practices, and the discourse subject strengthens and reiterates discourse rules in discourse practices. China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar is a discourse subject of the CSFM discourse system. This paper analyzes the discourse status, discourse practices and the reiteration of discourse rules of China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar.
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Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has constantly innovated and developed its diplomatic concept, and proposed the important idea of the Community of Shared Future for Mankind (CSFM), which contributes a discourse system with Chinese characteristics to the world. It is indicated that discourse builds its subject and governs the subject’s discourse practices, and the discourse subject strengthens and reiterates discourse rules in discourse practices. China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar is a discourse subject of the CSFM discourse system. This paper analyzes the discourse status, discourse practices and the reiteration of discourse rules of China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar.
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Resumo Este artigo analisa a ação de atores nacionais e internacionais na Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) em Moçambique, no período de 2007 a 2012, com foco na provisão pública de medicamentos para HIV/Aids, malária e tuberculose. Descreve-se o funcionamento da AF no país; os atores que atuam nesse âmbito e as relações entre eles; discutem-se questões relevantes sobre o modus operandi dos parceiros de cooperação. A metodologia combinou: revisão bibliográfica, levantamento e análise documental e entrevistas. O marco teórico e analítico utilizou a análise de políticas públicas com foco no papel do Estado e suas inter-relações como os demais atores na ajuda externa na área farmacêutica e a abordagem de redes. Conclui-se que a interação entre os atores envolvidos é complexa, caraterizada pela fragmentação operacional e sobreposição de atividades entre diversos entes; centralização da aquisição de medicamentos na mão de poucos agentes; by pass das estruturas nacionais e desconsideração do necessário fortalecimento do sistema nacional de saúde para a construção de sua autonomia. A despeito de alguns avanços na provisão e disponibilidade de medicamentos para essas doenças, existe forte dependência externa nesse âmbito, o que obstaculiza a sustentabilidade da AF em Moçambique.
Abstract This article examines the activities of national and international actors in Pharmaceutical Services (PS) in Mozambique from 2007 to 2012, focusing on the public provision of HIV/Aids, malaria and tuberculosis medicines. It describes how PS functions in the country, what actors are involved in this area and the relations among them, pursuing salient issues in the modus operandi of partners in cooperation. The methodology combines literature review, document survey and analysis and interviews. The theoretical and analytical framework was given by the policy analysis approach, focusing on the role of the State and its interrelations with other actors in foreign aid in PS, and also by the networks approach. It was concluded that the interactions among the actors involved is complex and characterised by operational fragmentation and overlapping of activities between entities, centralised medicine procurement in the hands of few agents, bypassing of national structures and disregard for the strengthening needed to bolster national health system autonomy. Despite some advances in the provision and availability of medicines for these diseases, external dependence is strong, which undermines the sustainability of PS in Mozambique.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Services/organization & administration , International Cooperation , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-HIV Agents/supply & distribution , Health Policy , Malaria/drug therapy , Mozambique , Antimalarials/administration & dosage , Antimalarials/supply & distribution , Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , Antitubercular Agents/supply & distributionABSTRACT
Health Human Resource Development Cooperation(HHRDC) is a critical component in Chinese foreign aid,which had cultivated thousands of health workers for Asian and Arican developing countries by on-job training,degree education,short-term exchange activities for more than 60 years.This paper systematically reviewed the management mechanism,mode and features of HHRDC via literature review,stakeholders interviews and field investigations,and it is found that the main mode of HHRDC is short-term on-job training,but its effect for capacity building is limited;although degree education account for a small proportion of HHRDC,it plays an important role for elite cultivation;the impact for medical team teaching and technical cooperation have become more obvious;the "going out" training have less invest,short period,but bigger social impact.The main challenges of HHRDC includes the deficiency of specific strategies and action plans;the lack of understanding on recipient countries' health human resource situation,characteristics and needs;the alignment with other aid programs;the lack of timely evalu ation towards current cooperation projects.According to the need analysis of undeveloped countries,it is suggested that a cooperation plan for HHDRC is required;the implementation of HHRDC should integrate into other aid programs;the follow-up mechanism and evaluation system need improved;the Chinese degree certification and qualification in local institutions need promoted;the aid to medical educational institutions should added,thereby strengthening developing countries' capacity and realizing common development.
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Health Human Resource Development Cooperation(HHRDC) is a critical component in Chinese foreign aid,which had cultivated thousands of health workers for Asian and Arican developing countries by on-job training,degree education,short-term exchange activities for more than 60 years.This paper systematically reviewed the management mechanism,mode and features of HHRDC via literature review,stakeholders interviews and field investigations,and it is found that the main mode of HHRDC is short-term on-job training,but its effect for capacity building is limited;although degree education account for a small proportion of HHRDC,it plays an important role for elite cultivation;the impact for medical team teaching and technical cooperation have become more obvious;the "going out" training have less invest,short period,but bigger social impact.The main challenges of HHRDC includes the deficiency of specific strategies and action plans;the lack of understanding on recipient countries' health human resource situation,characteristics and needs;the alignment with other aid programs;the lack of timely evalu ation towards current cooperation projects.According to the need analysis of undeveloped countries,it is suggested that a cooperation plan for HHDRC is required;the implementation of HHRDC should integrate into other aid programs;the follow-up mechanism and evaluation system need improved;the Chinese degree certification and qualification in local institutions need promoted;the aid to medical educational institutions should added,thereby strengthening developing countries' capacity and realizing common development.
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In order to further promote friendly cooperation with developing countries, Chinese government has been committed to increasing the intensity of cooperation and human resource development among developing countries. Healthcare is one of the key areas of China’s foreign aid. This article described the general conditions and experiences of national foreign aid training projects for developing countries undertaken by the Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital and Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute. From aspects of participant enrollment, training program implementation, and training feedback, the training mode of national foreign aid on traditional medicine was introduced. This article focused on the selection of teachers, preparation of professional textbooks, and evaluation of teaching quality. Training programs over the years were guided by clear training concepts and accurate goal settings, which provided a useful exploration for the personnel training mode of national foreign aid on traditional medicine.
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Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial se planteó que, para reducir la pobreza, se necesitaba modernización económica, es decir, las sociedades menos desarrolladas debían seguir el camino de los países industrializados, para lo cual solo se requería de una ayuda que permitiese la evolución y prosperidad en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, este paradigma será cuestionado luego del fin de la Guerra Fría, particularmente al momento de evaluar el impacto en África de la cooperación para el desarrollo. El objetivo de este artículo es, primero, analizar cómo el sistema internacional ha determinado las estrategias políticas y económicas de los países africanos; segundo, abordar el debate ético suscitado en torno a la cooperación para el desarrollo, y tercero estimar el impacto de ésta en las estrategias africanas de superación de la pobreza.
After World War II it was suggested that in order to reduce poverty it was needed economic modernization, that is, less developed countries should follow the path of the industrialized countries, for which only it was required aid to allow evolution and prosperity around the world. However, this paradigm was questioned after the end of Cold War, particularly when evaluating the impact on Africa of foreign aid for development. In this sense, the aims of this paper are to analyze how the international system has determined the political and economic strategies of African countries; to address the ethical debate raised on foreign aid for development; and to estimate the impact in African strategies to overcome poverty.
Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial se propôs que, para reduzir a pobreza era necessária a modernização econômica, ou seja, as sociedades menos desenvolvidas deveriam seguir o caminho dos países industrializados, para o qual somente era requerida uma ajuda que permitisse a evolução e a prosperidade em todo o mundo. Entretanto, este paradigma será questionado logo após o fim da Guerra Fria, particularmente no momento de avaliar o impacto da cooperação para o desenvolvimento na África. O objetivo deste artigo é, primeiro, analisar como o sistema internacional determinou as estratégias políticas e econômicas dos países africanos; segundo, abordar o debate ético suscitado em torno da cooperação para o desenvolvimento e, terceiro, estimar o impacto desta cooperação nas estratégias africanas de superação da pobreza.
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Humans , Developing Countries , Economic Development , Ethics , International Cooperation , Poverty , AfricaABSTRACT
@#To be one of the programs of medical foreign aid for Africa as Sent Successfully, Standing Firmly, Being Popular, and Needed Forever, rehabilitation medicine should be based on the core idea, identify the commencement, focus on key points and cultivate the turning points.
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@#By analyzing the experiences and lessons of expanding the patients' sources, promoting new technologies, developing equipments,enhancing the patients with special social status, disseminating Chinese culture and other aspects in medical foreign aid, the view that five combinations should be conducted was concluded to develop rehabilitation medicine effectively in Africa. Which were: the integration of the daily workload improving and the technical structure optimizing, the combination of the own advantages exerting and the actual local conditions considering, the linking of the medical knowledge disseminating and the core technologies leading, the unity of the fair share of things accomplishing and the social image shaping and the association of the masses of the people serving with close ties to senior.